虚假语用预设：预设的一种超常操作现象
False Preset of Pragmatics - A Kind of Preset for Hyper-Conventional Usage

摘要：虚假语用预设是一种把非言语交际双方知识共有场中的信息处理为预设信息的语言现象。
Abstract: The false preset of pragmatics is a kind of language phenomenon that process the messages outside of the common field of knowledge shared by the two communicating parties as the preset information.

它常常带给我们不少幽默和睿智的色彩。
It brings to us plenty of colors of wit and wisdom very often.

本文作者从语篇信息流、话语意图、语句焦点和语用含糊的角度出发，通过具体例析，发现虚假语用预设与打破常规信息结构、误解话语意图，转移语句焦点和存在语用含糊现象有密切关系，并由此提出一些可行的交际语用策略。
The author of this article had tried to reveal the close relations of the false preset of pragmatics with the structure of unconventional message, the misconceived intention of utterance, the shifting of sentence focus as well as existed phenomenon of the pragmatic vagueness etc., starting from the viewpoints of the text message flow, the intention of utterance, the sentence focus and the pragmatic vagueness by analyzing some specific examples, thus to bring forward some practical strategies of pragmatic application.

关键词：虚假语用预设；共有场；话语意图；语用含糊。
Keywords: False Preset of Pragmatics, Common Field of Knowledge, Intention of Speech, and Pragmatic Vagueness;

预设是哲学界和语言学界讨论得颇为热烈的一个概念。
The preset in language is a concept being hotly discussed by the field experts of philosophy and linguistics.

哲学家（如Frege，Strawson等）首先对自然语言中的照应现象和照应词语的本质进行了探讨。
Some philosophers (such as Frege and Strawson) had explored the essence of the consistent phenomenon and the consistent word in the natural languages in the first place.

他们的讨论激发了语言学家对预设的兴趣，语言学界开始从语义关系的角度对其进行了研究，后来又逐渐转入语用角度。
Their discussions had inspired the interest of some linguists to the language preset, and since then the field of linguistics had started to study it from the viewpoint of the semantic relation, and later on shifted to the angle of pragmatic science.

前人从许多方面探讨了预设的基本特征和正常情况下的使用规则，但对于语用预设的一种超常操作现象——虚假语用预设——却没有引起足够的注意。
Though our forefathers had studied the basic characteristics of language preset and its utilizing rules under the normal conditions, the attention paid to the false preset of pragmatics - an hyper-conventional usage of the pragmatic preset however, was not enough.

事实上，虚假语用预设在日常生活中屡见不鲜，并且为我们的学习、工作和生活增添了不少生动、有趣和睿智的色彩。
As a matter of fact, the false preset of pragmatics is a common occurrence in the daily life, and that had brought forward many lively, interesting and witty colors for us in our study, work and life.

一、语用预设和虚假语用预设。
A. Pragmatic Preset and False Pragmatic Preset

由于预设对语境非常敏感，具有很强的语境依赖性，语言学界已基本达成共识，认为它是一种语用现象。
As the preset of language is very sensitive to and strongly dependent on the context of language with a strong reliance on the context, it is commonly believed by the field of linguistics that deem it as a pragmatic phenomenon.

因此现在所说的预设一般指语用预设。
Therefore, the concept of preset mentioned presently is generally the preset of the pragmatic science.

语用预设通常被认为是发话者为保证其言语的适宜性而必须满足的前提，是交际双方所共有的知识。
The pragmatic preset is usually considered as a necessary precondition that should be satisfied for the speakers, so as to ensure the suitability of utterance, i.e. the common knowledge shared by the two communicating parties.

这种共有知识在交际过程中可能会不断得到调整、扩大。
This kind of common knowledge may be continually altered and expanded in the course of such communication.

虚假语用预设是预设的一种超常操作现象。
The False Preset of Pragmatics Is A phenomenon of Preset of the Hyper-conventional Usage

其超常之处在于它把非言语交际双方所共有的知识处理为预设信息。
What makes it unconventional is that it processes the knowledge outside of the field commonly shared by the two communicating parties as the preset information.

这种预设信息至少对于交际中的一方来说是未知的，或有争议而不能接受的。
At least for one party, this kind of preset information is unknown, controversial or unacceptable.

产生的原因可能是非故意，如说话者错误估计了对方的知识范围或话语意图；也可能是为了某种目的（如试探虚实或纯粹逗乐）而故意为之。
The reasons for this may be resulted from the unintentional act taken by the speaker, either the speaker has mis-estimated the scope of knowledge or the intention of conversation by the other party, or he do it intentionally for some purposes (such as probing for something or just making fun with).

虚假语用预设的表现形式有两种，一种是以隐含信息的方式传递着一种虚假的背景知识；另一种是直接体现在句子中，把一个虚假的信息处理为后一分句的预设信息。
There are two forms of the false preset of pragmatics. The one is to deliver a false background knowledge with an implicated information, and the other is to directly embody it into the sentence that processes a false message as the preset information of the latter clause.

有人曾在探讨语篇信息流、话语意图、语句焦点和语用含糊时说到语用预设与它们之间的关系。
Somebody had mentioned the relations of the false preset of pragmatics with the text message flow, the intention of utterance, the focus of sentence and the pragmatic vagueness in their study.

我们不妨从这几个角度来对虚假语用预设进行具体分析和探讨。
We might as well conduct some concrete analysis and studies of the false preset of pragmatics from these angles.

二、虚假语用预设与语篇信息流
B. False Pragmatic Preset and Text Message Flow

朱永生和苗兴伟（2000）曾探讨了语用预设与语篇信息流之间的密切关系，认为语用预设在语言交际的信息流中发挥着重要的作用，因为发话者在发出一个语段时往往同时表达了预设信息和断言信息。
Professors Zhu Yong-sheng and Miao Xing-wei (2000) had studied the close relations of the pragmatic preset with the text information flow and revealed that the pragmatic preset plays an important role in the message flow of the language communication since the speakers often express the preset messages and assertive messages when he is uttering a segment of language.

断言信息是信息流中的新信息，而预设信息则是信息结构的起点，它所传递的是发话者对共知信息的假设或交际双方所共同接受的信息。
The assertive information is a new message in the information flow while the preset information is the starting point in the information structure that convoys the presumption of the common knowledge shared by the speakers, or the messages that are commonly acceptable for the both parties.

在语篇的发展过程中，发话者为了保证语篇的简洁性和表达的经济性，需要根据自己对受话者的知识状态所做出的假设以及受话者可能做出的反应来合理的编排信息。
In the development course of a narration, the speaker must reasonably arrange the message in a orderly way based on his presumed state of knowledge of the listener as well as the latter’s possible reaction, so as to ensure the conciseness and economy of his speech.

在正常情况下，发话者将根据自己的假设是已知的次要的信息处理为预设信息，而将新的重要的信息处理为断言信息或放在语句焦点的位置上。
Under normal situations, the speaker would treat the known and secondary information that he assumes so as the preset information, and put the new and important information at the key position of the sentence.

不过，如果发话者对话语参与者的知识共有场缺乏正确的估计，有可能造成其预设的不真实性。
However, if the speaker lacks a correct estimation of the common knowledge field shared by the other participants, an untrue presumption is likely to occur.

这是虚假语用预设中的一种，即非故意虚假语用预设。
This is one of the categories for the false preset of pragmatics, i.e. the unintentional false preset of pragmatics.

如：
For example:

甲：我觉得中文网络引擎“搜狐”办得好。
A: “I think that the search engine of Sohu does the best job among all of the Chinese language NICs.”

乙：你说的是哪种型号的？
B: “What’s the model number of that engine you are talking about?”

很显然，甲错误估计了乙对网络知识的了解程度，把“中文网络引擎”处理为一种已知信息，其语用预设是“乙了解网络引擎之类的网络知识”。
Apparently A has mis-estimated the knowledge of B in the field of the Internet and treated the “network search engine of Chinese language” as a known information with a preset of pragmatics that “B does have enough knowledge about the Internet search engine”.

而乙却把这里的引擎当成了一种发动机，可见他并不知道甲所假设的“已知信息”，所以甲的预设是不符合事实的，是虚假的。
However, B had taken the Internet search engine as a mechanical motor, that had demonstrated that he did not know this “known message” as A presumed so. Therefore, the assumption of A is not true, or false.

虚假语用预设也可能是故意的。
It is also possible that the false preset of pragmatics is intentionally fabricated.

有时，发话者故意打破常规语篇信息流的布局结构，把非言语交际双方共有场中的信息处理为已知信息（预设信息），以达到某种交际目的或语用效果。
Sometimes, the speaker would deliberately broke the conventional structure of the message flow and treat the information outside of the common field of information as the known message (the preset information) in order to realize certain communicating objectives or the effect of pragmatics.

且看下面的例子：
Just look at the following example:

姐姐：约尼尔，葡萄被谁摘掉了？
Elder Sister: “Who had picked down the grape, Johnny?”

弟弟：我没摘！
Younger Brother: “I haven’t.”

姐姐：现在的葡萄吃在嘴里肯定酸得要命，所以千万不能摘……。
Elder Sister: “The grape at this time of season is so sour that they shall rot your teeth off....”

弟弟：不太酸，有点儿甜了！
Younger Brother: “No, they are not so sour, a little bit sweet indeed!”

在这一个例子中，姐姐的第一句话以隐含的方式表达了她的语用预设：约尼尔知道葡萄是谁摘的（并且可能就是他摘下来吃了）。
In this example, the elder sister spoke her first sentence with an implicated pragmatic preset, i.e. john does know who had picked down the grape (probably it was he who had picked down the grape and eaten it.)

弟弟以否定自己摘了来答复姐姐的问话，表明他充分明白姐姐话中隐含的语用预设。
The young brother answered his elder sister’s question with a denial statement that had showed that he truly knows the pragmatic preset implied in his sister’s speech.

姐姐不能肯定她的假设的真实性而想进一步试探，于是她避开正面质问，跟弟弟谈及葡萄的味道，因为如果弟弟能具体评价葡萄现在的味道，那么也就能推出她 前面的假设的真实性。
The elder sister was not sure of the trueness of her presumption, so she did a further probing by talking about the taste of grape instead of continue her interrogation from the front. If the younger brother could comment the taste of grape, her presumption raised before can be proved as a truth.

她的具体的语用策略是：直接把一个相关但不真实的信息（现在的葡萄吃在嘴里肯定酸得要命）处理为预设信息，导出一个弟弟不愿接受的结论（断言信息）。
Her concrete strategy of pragmatics was to give a related but untrue message (the assertion the grape at this season was as sour as hell) and processed it as a preset information, thus lead to a conclusion (the assertive information) which her younger brother could not accept.

弟弟要推翻姐姐的结论， 往往会首先反驳此结论的预设信息。
If the younger brother wanted to challenge his elder sister’s conclusion, he would first of all rebut the preset information from that the conclusion was led out.

等他下意识地说出葡萄此时的真味（表示对这所谓的“已知信息”持有异议）时，姐姐的目的就达到了。
No sooner than he mouthed out the real taste of the grape (which had demonstrated that he had different viewpoint to the so-called “known information”), his elder sister had realized her objective.

通常情况下，发话者只能将自己相信是交际双方没有异议的、或者能为双方接受的信息处理为预设信息。
Under the normal situation, the speaker must treat only those messages that are uncontroversial or acceptable for both parties as the preset information.

一旦违反了这 一点，把交际的任何一方持有异议的信息处理为预设信息，就属于虚假语用预设。
Once this principle is violated, i.e. the messages controversial for any one side is processed as the preset information, that message shall belong to the category of the false preset of pragmatics.

如上例所示，这样做往往有助于“侦破”假设的真实性，也就是说，在我们对某一假设没有十足的把握而想从对方套出其真假性时，我们可把这假设或它的推论（两者可相互推导）以隐含的或明确的方式处理为预设信息，以引出对方下意识的反应，从而从对方的反应中确认假设的真假性。
As had shown in the above example, this strategy is helpful sometimes to “detect” the truthfulness of such presumption. That is to say that if we do not have enough confidence for a conclusion and wish to allure its authenticity from the opposing party, we can dispose this presumption or its deduction (these two factors can deduct one another) as the preset message with an implied or explicit method, so as to draw out the unconscious reaction from the opposing party, thus to prove the authenticity of the presumption.

上例中体现的虚假语用预设策略是“无中生有”，也就是发话者杜撰一个不能肯定其真假性的信息做语用预设。
The strategy shown in the above-mentioned example of the false preset of pragmatics is called “make out something from the void”, that is to fabricates an unconfirmed message by the speaker and disposes it as the preset of pragmatics.

对付此种策略我们不妨“将错就错”：明知对方说出的某一信息是错误的（对对方的这一信息持有异议），却故意以这一错误信息作为语用预设，推出出乎对方意料的结果。
When confronted with this strategy from the other party, we can counteract with an “over shoes, over boots” policy. That is to purposely accept the false message and dispose it as the preset of pragmatics though we know its erroneousness (hold dissent to other party’s conclusion), thus to produce out a conclusion that is unexpected for the other party.

如上文中针对姐姐的虚假语用预设，我们可以这样反驳：
We can rebut the false preset of pragmatics of the elder sister as follows:

“你这么肯定葡萄的味道，想必你已摘下来尝过。
“Since you are so sure of the taste, you must have picked down the grape yourself and wolfed down lots of them.” ”

我们再看下面这个例子：
See again the next example:

一个富翁丢了钱包，他许下诺言：谁若将钱包交还给他，就把包里的一半钱分给他。
A rich man had lost his purse and promised that the person who found it could share half of the money contained in the purse.

有位农民捡到钱包，得知富翁的诺言，立即将钱包交给了富翁。
On hearing this promise, a farmer who had picked up the purse returned the purse back to the rich man.

不料富翁却说：“我的钱包里还有一块宝石，你还给我，我才给你包里的一半。
“There was a diamond in my purse besides the money. Give it back to me and you shall have the one half of the money.” said the rich man. ”

农民知道碰上了个无赖，就告到法官那里。
The farmer realized that he had met a rascal, so he went to the court to make a lawsuit against the rich man.

法官思虑片刻，对富翁说：“丢的钱包里有钱和宝石，而这个钱包里只有钱，根据你说的，很清楚，此钱包不是你的。
The judge had thought about it for a while and said to the rich man: ”Since the purse you have lost contained both money and diamond, and there is only money contained in this purse, it is very clearly that it is not your purse.”

你再等等吧，有人捡到会还给你的。
“Wait patiently for some time, perhaps some other people shall find it and return that to you.” ”

在这个例子中，富翁很明显在耍赖，但法官并没有正面驳斥他，而是首先承认他的话，把他提供的信息作为新信息的出发点（已知信息/预设信息），结果推出“此钱包不是你的”这一结论，让富翁无法申辩。
In this example, the rich man was apparently a rascal. However, the judge did not give the rich man a headlong lash. Instead, he had accepted the statement of the rich man as a truth and made it as a new starting point for the new messages (the known message/preset message), thus to lead out a conclusion that said “this is not your purse” while the rich man could not appeal against it.

法官在这里利用的就是“将错就错”法 。
The strategy taken by the judge here was called the “over shoes, over boots” policy.

这一策略的巧妙之处在于利用对方自己声言的虚假信息作为出发点回击对方，使得对方哑口无言，没有分辨的余地。
The craftiness of this strategy lies at the fact in which the speaker takes up the false message provided by the other party and disposes it as a truth, thus to refute other party’s position by making his opponent speechless and could not argue any longer.

三、虚假语用预设与话语意图
C. False Preset of Pragmatics and Intention of Utterance

话语意图是话语参与者推理的基础。
The intention of utterance is the basis of deduction for the participant speaker.

话语意图的理解建立在话语参与者的交际预设(语用预设的一种表现)之上。
The comprehension of the utterance intention is built on the foundation of the communicative preset (one of the representations of the pragmatic preset) of the participant speaker.

人们进行正常的语言交际时，话语参与者总是依赖假设中的共知知识来提供理解话语意图的线索（刘正光1999）。
When people are conducting a normal language communication, the participants always rely on the presumed common field of knowledge to provide the clues that are provided for comprehension of the speech intentions. (Liu Zheng-guang, 1999)

杨炳钧和尹明祥（2000）曾把交际双方具备的共享知识分为三种情况，其中一种情况是“受一方暗示而共知”，阐明一方的暗示会促使语用预设的建立。
Professors Yang Bing-jun and Yin Ming-xiang (2000) had once divided the commonly shared knowledge possessed by the two sides of the participants into three categories, and one of them was “become commonly known due to the implication made by the other party”.

在发话前，发话者往往首先会对受话者可能做出的反应加以估计和假设。
Before making a speech, the speaker would first of all assess and assume the reactions by the listener.

有的时候，为了取得某种语用效果（如幽默、逗乐等），发话者会故意打破常规，给出很容易误导听者的理解的暗示，导致听话者对发话者的话语意图推出一种虚假语用预设，做出发话者期望的反应。
Sometimes the speaker would purposely broke the convention by providing an implication that is likely to mislead the listeners so as to realize certain kinds of effects of pragmatics (such as humor or teasing etc.). This shall lead the listener to deduct out a kind of false preset of pragmatics toward the intention of utterance by the speaker, so as to act as the speaker so anticipates.

这种虚假语用预设的产生对于使用者本人来说是非故意的，可它是另一方故意引导的结果。
This kind of false preset of pragmatics is not intentional for the taker, however that is the result of the purposely steering made by the other party.

这正如刘正光（1999）所说，语言交往中的很多笑话或幽默的出现都是由于交际的一方误解或曲解了对方的话语意图或本意而产生错误的语用预设形成的。
Just like Liu Zheng’guang (1999) had said, many joke or humor in language communication were resulted from the listener’s misunderstanding or distortion of the utterance intention by the speaker, thus lead to a erroneous preset of pragmatics.

上面姐弟俩的对话也体现出这一点。
The above-mentioned conversation by the sister and brother had also showed this.

弟弟误解了姐姐说第二句话的真实意图（即试探他是否知道葡萄此时的味道，从而推出他是否吃了葡萄），以为姐姐只是在告诫他，从而掉进了姐姐设的陷阱。
The younger brother had misunderstood the real intention of his sister’s second sentence (i.e. the elder sister wanted to find out if he knew the taste of grape to deduct her younger brother’s guilty), and thought that his sister was only give precaution, so that he fell into the trap made by his elder sister.

下面请看另一段对话：
Please look at another conversation:

甲：我们来玩个游戏。
A: Let’s play a game.

请你把“老鼠”倒着念十遍。
Please say the word “mouse” from the reverse direction for ten times.

乙：鼠老，鼠老，鼠老……。
B: e-s-u-o-m, e-s-u-o-m, e-s-u-o-m....

甲：你说猫最怕什么？
A: What does the cat fear for the most?

乙：老鼠！
B: Mouse!

让我们来分析一下这段对话。
Let’s analyze this piece of conversation.

甲的第一句话给人一种暗示，让人对他的话语意图产生这样的语用预设：他想测试听话者在倒着说多了某个词时能否迅速改口纠正过来（他的真正意图是先引开听者的注意力，让其做出错误的回答以取得逗乐的效果）。
The first sentence of A gave an implication to the listener that produced a preset of pragmatics of A’s utterance intention, i.e. he wanted to know if the other party can give out a correct word after reversedly talk a word for several times. (His real purpose is to distract the attention of the listener, then lead him to give out a false answer that had an effect of amusement.)

所以乙在听到甲的第二句问话时，出于由“暗示”得来的语用预设，他脱口而出的是自以为是的“老鼠”。
When the B heard the second sentence, he was misled by the preset of pragmatics from the “implication” and mouthed out the “mouse” without a second thinking.

等他最终反应过来时，已经为时晚矣。
When he realized it at last, it was too late.

四、虚假语用预设与 焦点转移
D. False Preset of Pragmatics and Shifting of Sentence Focus

语用预设受语句焦点的影响。
The preset of pragmatics is influenced by the shifting of sentence focus.

前者随着后者的转移而变化。
The former changes along with the transfer of the latter.

一个命题内容可以有不同的语句焦点。
A propositional content can have different focuses of sentence.

即使命题中的每一个词都不变，只要语句焦点变了，语用预设也会跟着变化。
Even though there is no change in every words in a proposition, the preset of pragmatics shall change as long as the focus of sentence changes.

交际的一方可以通过转移对方的语句焦点来导出一个虚假语用预设，再在此基础上推出一个出乎对方意料的结论，达到一种幽默的语用效果。
One side of the communicative participants can shift the focus of sentence provided by the other party to lead out a false preset of pragmatics, and on the basis of this to further deduct a conclusion that is unexpected for the other party, thus to realize an effect of humor.

请看下面这个例子：
Please look at the following example:

一个外交官去见林肯时，发现他正在刷鞋。
A diplomat went to see U.S. President Lincoln, and found out that the great man was polishing his shoes.

外交官很惊奇地问到：“哎呀，总统先生，你还要给自己刷鞋吗？”
The diplomat asked in surprise: “Why, Mr. President, you have to polish your shoes by yourself?”

林肯回答：“是呀，那你还要给谁刷鞋呢？”
The president answered: ”Yeah, who else should I polish the shoes for?”

在这个例子中，按照一般常识，外交官话语的语句焦点应是主语“你”，其语用预设是：总统的鞋不用自己刷而应由别人来刷。
In this example, the diplomat talked with the general common sense that set the focus on “you”. The preset of pragmatics was that a president need not to polish his shoes and can order it to be done by other people.

但林肯故意把外交官的语句焦点理解为“给”的宾语“自己”，那么就从外交官的话语中得出了一个滑稽的虚假语用预设，即“平常大家都只给别人刷鞋而不用给自己刷鞋”，取得了幽默的效果。
However, Lincoln had purposedly shifted the sentence focus from “you” to “yourself”, hence to produce a humorous false preset of pragmatics from the diplomat’s speech, i.e. usually people polish shoes for themselves only and need not to do it for others, thus to lead out a humorous effect.

五、虚假语用预设与语用含糊
E. False Preset of Pragmatics and Pragmatic Vagueness

产生误解或曲解发话者的本意或意图而导致虚假语用预设的原因之一是语言结构与意图结构之间存在着信息差。
One of the reasons that can produce misunderstanding or contort to speaker’s original intention or purpose and lead to false preset of pragmatics is that there is an difference of message between the language structure and the intentional structure.

这可能是由于语用含糊(语言的不确定性——从语言的使用和理解的角度)现象造成的。
This is probably resulted from the pragmatic vagueness (the uncertainty of language - from angles of using and comprehension of language).

语用模糊可能表现为话语在言语行为表达方面有一种以上的解释，或话语中的结构或某个词语出现多种意义解释，但表达的言语行为只有一种（何自然 2000）。
The pragmatics vagueness may be manifested as that there are more than one explanation in expressing the speech act, or there are multiple explanations for the structures of speech or the meaning of a certain word, while there is only one explainable speech act. (He Zi-ran 2000)

请看下面这个例子：
Please look at the following example:

（小汤姆跟妈妈在商店买东西时伸手去拿柜台上的蛋糕。
Little tom went shopping with his mom and he stretched out his hand to take the cake on the shop counter. ）

妈妈：“汤姆！你没有舌头吗？”
Mom: “Tom, you don’t have tongue?”

汤姆：“我有的，妈咪，可它没有那么长。
Tom: “Yes, I have, mom. Just that is not as long as my hand.” ”

在上例中，“妈妈”的语用预设是：想要/想吃东西应先说；擅自拿东西是不对的。
In the above example, the pragmatic preset of “Mom” is that if somebody wants some food, he should ask for them instead of that wrong behavior of taking things by himself.

她话中的“舌头”不是指它的概念意义，而是指它的“用来说话”的功能。
The “tongue” in her speech is not its general sense but the function of “speaking with it” instead.

她的话语表达的言语行为是“责备”。
The speech act in her conversation had shown the meaning of reproach.

但汤姆误解了：认为妈妈所说的“舌头”指的是它的另一种功能——用来吃东西；把她的言语行为则理解成“建议”而非“责备”，于是从妈妈的话语中推出一个虚假语用预设“想吃东西不必伸手，直接伸出舌头就行了”。
However, Tom had misunderstood his mother’s speech by thinking that his mom meant the other function of “tongue” - eating. So he recognizes his mother’s sentence as a suggestion instead of a reproach.

他的回答正是建立在这一虚假语用预设上的。
His answer was built on this false preset of pragmatics.

六 、结语
F. Conclusion

通过上述具体例析，我们已发现虚假语用预设是一种在日常生活中常见而又十分有趣的语言现象。
From above concrete examples, we can find out that the false preset of pragmatics is a very interesting language phenomenon that is quite common in the daily life.

它源自于常规信息结构的打破，话语意图的误解，语句焦点的转移，或语用含糊的存在等现象。
It is resulted from the breakage of the conventional information structure, the misunderstanding to the speech intention, the transfer of the sentence focus, or the existence of pragmatic vagueness etc.

巧妙运用虚假语用预设，往往可以达到某种特殊的语用效果，常给我们带来开心的一刻。
By smartly utilizing the false preset of pragmatics, it is sometime possible to reach a special pragmatic effect and bring about a pleasing moment for us.

但要想深入理解和灵活运用虚假语用预设，还有待我们做进一步的研究。
For the further understanding of and adroitly utilization of the false preset of pragmatics, we must conduct more extensive studies.



本文承蒙李红梅老师指点，在此深表谢意！
Hearty thanks are given to Professor Li Hong-mei who had provided excellent instructions for this article.